ROMAN CUISINE: FEASTING IN MUSEUMS

HISTORIC KITCHEN

BY: LEAH MONCADA

Selected Classical Recipes

Garum - Roman Cookery

Eggs Poached in Wine - Roman Cookery

Pastry Balls - Roman Cookery

Toronean Steak - The Classical Cookbook

For a full bibliography of the books used in the Classical Journey of Historic Kitchen, see this post.

Food programs in Museums? But Health and Safety Regulations! But constricting catering contracts! It is certainly uncommon to feature food in museum programming, but here are two fun examples that just-so-happen to fit my Classical theme:

In 2011 the Getty Villa hosted a lavish Roman Banquet, complete with a decadent array of Roman dishes. Present were Classical historian Andrew Dalby and Roman food historian and chef Sally Grainger (the duo who wrote The Classical Cookbook from which I sample,) providing context to the meal while guests enjoyed a flavourful trip back in time. 

The Corinium Museum in England is currently hosting a special exhibition on Roman cuisine in partnership with the British Museum, titled "Food for Thought".  Their opening night showcased a fully laden table of Roman delights, complete with a wine expert on hand to help you pair your nibbles with your drink.

The Food for Thought Exhibition Opening at the Corinium Museum, England. Guests were invited to sample from a table laden with ancient Roman dishes. How delicious! Source.

To compliment the current exhibition, they are also hosting a Roman Food Festival *this weekend*. Food historians and archaeologists will speak towards how our tastes today differ from the ancient Romans' (which I am certainly discovering first hand, but more on that later), as well as eating and cooking practices in different Roman settlements across the Empire.

The RECIPES

Garum (Liquamen, or *The* Roman Fish Sauce) - Roman Cookery, Mark Grant

from Country Matters, Bassus

Garum, simmering away. I made the 'quick and easy' version, as I didn't have three months to spare! Photo: Leah Moncada

100g salted anchovies

700ml water

400g sea salt

a pinch of dried oregano

1 tbsp sapa *see this post for a sapa recipe

Dissolve the (enormous amount of) salt in the water over low heat. Add the anchovies, oregano and sapa. Simmer gently for 20 minutes, and then let cool. Strain through a fine sieve, I used folded cheese cloth, and store in a jar for ready use.

Makes: about 0.75L

All Classicists will know what I am about to describe to you: an epic journey through the most pungent fish aroma to ever permeate my entire apartment and collection of belongings. Never to dissipate. I recall learning about this sauce in class and hearing my professor try to emphasize the incredible smell, but now that I have experienced making it (though only a small batch), I can begin to appreciate what it would have been like for those who worked to mass produce garum in ancient Rome.

Pouring garum through the cheese cloth. Be not afraid of salt! (Indeed, or else you I am doubtful you will like Roman cooking.) Photo: Leah Moncada

Garum was made in many places and transported all over the Empire. The most renowned centres of production were Pompeii and Leptis Magna. Due to the number of recipes it appears in, as well as the market around it, garum is arguably one of the most important ingredients in the Roman kitchen. Indeed, I couldn't cook many of the other recipes without it.


Eggs Poached in Wine (Oa Pnikta) - Roman Cookery, Mark Grant
from On the Powers in Foods, Galen

Egg Poached in Wine. Freshly done, it smelled divine. Photo: Leah Moncada

(Adapted for a smaller serving.)

1 egg

1/2 tsp garum 

1 tbsp dry white wine

1 tbsp olive oil

Grease a ramekin with the olive oil, and crack the egg into it. Place in a bain-marie filled with boiling water. Drizzle with the wine and garum. Cover tightly, and bake at 380F for 15 minutes. Served best with soft bread and vegetables. 

Makes: 1 serving

This one is delicious, but very potent. I heavily recommend pairing with a fluffy bread and fresh salad, to cut the taste (and texture) of the eggs.

It was fascinating to learn just how many different types of eggs the Romans enjoyed. Beyond our familiar chicken, they ate eggs of pheasant, geese and ostrich as well. How would they differ in taste I wonder?


Pastry Balls (Globi) - Roman Cookery, Mark Grant
from On Agriculture, Cato

Pastry Balls. Like the ancient version of Fried Cheese! Photo: Leah Moncada

200g cheddar cheese 

100g spelt flour 

1 egg 

olive oil for frying 

60g clear honey 

1 tbsp poppy seeds 

Mix the grated cheese and flour with your hands until the texture of breadcrumbs. Add the egg and knead until doughy. Break off and roll small 2cm balls. Fry in 2cm of heated oil in a heavy pan. Cook for 5 minutes, until golden brown. Drain. While cooling slightly, heat the honey until runny. Roll the fried balls in the honey to coat, and then in the poppy seeds. The recipe says to serve warm or cold, with a drink, but I recommend serving warm. 

Makes: about 80 pastry balls

Grant imagines them “displayed on the counter of a Roman bar for clerks and businessmen to nibble at midday.” Inspired, I have now spent a few evenings reading up on the culture of ancient snack bars. Also interesting to note, he suggests that cheddar has the most similar taste of the modern cheese to Roman cheeses. I am curious about that. In my searches, I have not seen this elsewhere, but that also speaks to how few descriptions of taste I found, and the lack of sensual knowledge we have of the ancient world. We talk of ingredients and process and technology and economy, but the experiences of sounds and taste are much more difficult to discern and as such are not commonly discussed.

I found this recipe interesting…and surprisingly addictive. I will suggest that they need to be eaten hot, and do not keep well.


Toronaean Steak - The Classical Cookbook, Andrew Dalby and Sally Grainger
Archestratus 23

Toronaean Steak. Fantastic, savoury and easy! Photo: Leah Moncada 

4 shark or tuna steaks, each about 120g (4oz.)

3 tbsp olive oil

2 tsp ground cumin

2 tsp chopped fresh or dry herbs

1/4 tsp salt

Brush the steaks with oil. Combine herbs, cumin, and salt in a bowl, and press onto both sides of each steak. Fry in a little oil for 6-8 minutes on each side, until golden brown.

The authors recommend serving with a fresh salad, dressed in oil, wine vinegar, and fish sauce.

The original recipe describes shark steak (which required lengthy instructions from the authors on how to cook with shark meat), but has also been adapted into a delicious tuna steak. As suggested in the name this is a Greek recipe, dating to around 350 BCE. Cumin is the main flavour, though not native to Greece. Linear B tablets from the Mycenaean palaces of the Bronze Age record cumin listed as an item of trade, showing how far back the spice entered Greek cuisine. Torone was the centre of the region's wine-exporting district, and had the distinct honour of being chosen by Archestratus as the one Greek city who made his dish best:

"In Torone you must buy belly steaks of the porbeagle shark. Sprinkling them with cumin and a little salt you will add nothing else, my friend....don't mix in a splash of water with them, or wine vinegar, just pour on oil itself and dry cumin and aromatic herbs. Cook over embers, not a fierce fire, and stir frequently to take care that they do not burn."       -Archestratus 23

The reader is told, in a humorously forceful way, exactly what they shall eat and preciously how it must be prepared. You will note, however, that no quantities are given! If the Romans didn't leave us any ingredient amounts, how do we reconstruct these recipes?


Next on Historic Kitchen:

Using sparse recipes, the epic stories of trial and error by dedicated food historians! And, those Romans had iron stomachs: ancient sources describe the incredible flavours in some of their more extreme dishes! (Do I dare try one?)

THE CONSERVATOR'S TOOLKIT: SOME REALLY COOL TOOLS

CONSERVATION TIPS & TRICKS 

BY: NIKITA JOHNSTON

For this Conservation Tips & Tricks post I really wanted to share with you three very cool tools that may not be found in the average conservator’s toolkit. However, if you ever get the opportunity to look in a conservator’s toolkit I suggest you take it. While many of the tools inside may seem familiar such as brushes, tweezers, and bone folders, I guarantee you’ll find some more unexpected finds. In my own personal kit one of my prized collections of specialized tools is a series of dental picks and a dental mirror. 

Source

These have proven useful time and again on a variety of objects, from ceramics and metals to pieces of wooden folk art.  Speaking of re-purposing dental tools, the first tool I want to introduce is a Cavitron.

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I was introduced to this amazing and very fun tool during my time at the UBC Museum of Anthropology as their Conservation Intern, during a Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Workshop on Wet Basketry. A Cavitron is a dental tool that uses high frequency pulses to vibrate plaque off the surface of teeth. You have likely all experienced your dentist using one. The Cavitron was used in this workshop to lift dirt, mud and silt off the surface of wet site basketry. The Cavitron was the most popular tool at the workshop, due to the almost instantaneous removal of dirt and the Cavitron’s ability to safely clean in between the basket weave.

Cleaning a sample piece of wet site basketry using a Cavitron (Johnston 2012).

We fell in love with this tool so much that we ended up asking CCI to borrow it for an extra week so that I could continue to clean some of the basketry we had on site, as well as a couple of fired and glazed ceramics that had a lot of ingrained dirt in their heavily textured surface. We were all sad to see this tool go when we sent it back to CCI.

Cleaning ingrained dirt from a fired and glazed ceramic lid
with a seagrass textured surface (Johnston 2012) 

My next tool is something that today is quite common. Some of you may even use one on a regular basis, particularly those with pets of the feline variety.

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Laser cleaning is a valuable tool for the conservator, providing a highly selective, controllable, reliable and precise method for removing layers of corrosion, pollution, paint and other unwanted surface coatings from pieces of art. Laser cleaning has successfully been performed on objects made of marble, bronze, ivory and aluminum, and has been used to clean prehistoric artefacts, sculptures and monuments. The selective quality of the lasers allows the conservator or technician to remove the unwanted surface layers while preserving any patina, fine surface detail and important surface coatings. The type of technology and laser system used by conservators has been modified from medical systems developed for cosmetic surgery. It is so gentle that it can even remove soot from a rose.

A laser is a source of energy that provides an intense pure form of light that can deliver energy to a surface in a highly controllable manner. Those commonly used by conservators emit short pulses of infrared light, which has a wavelength of 1064 nm that quickly heats the dirt on the surface of the art piece, causing the dirt to expand and come away from the surface. As the light interacts weakly with the cleaned surface, the process stops as soon as the dirt is removed. You can watch some really cool laser cleaning performed by the National Museums Liverpool here. 

The final tool is really a combination of software and technology that allows us to produce 3D images and replicas. An amazing use of this type of technology in conservation was performed by the Conservation and 3D Imaging teams at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. On October 6, 2002 at 6:00 am the base on which sat Tullio Lombardo’s lifesize marble Adam collapsed, and the sculpture fell to the ground breaking into twenty-eight large pieces and hundreds of smaller fragments. Restoration efforts included the three-dimensional imaging and laser scanning of the broken fragments. The conservators were then able to make models at various scales including lifesize, using both computer programs and physical models. This allowed the conservators to determine what was the best and less invasive method for re-assembling Adam, without causing further damage to the sculpture itself. The incorporation of this type of technology into conservation work is groundbreaking, and for those interested I highly suggest reading the report on the restoration of this piece here. For those less inclined to add some academic reading to their summer schedule here is a summery video of the restoration process.

What I love about these three tools, as well as my dental picks is that the comparison of conservators to doctors is in a way actualized as all these tools are borrowed or modified from the medical field and are often used in very similar ways. So hand me my Cavitron, laser, and 3D imager and call me Dr. Johnston!