MEDIEVAL MURDER MYSTERY? RICHARD III AND HIS DISAPPEARING NEPHEWS

MUSEUM MYSTERIES

BY: SERENA YPELAAR

We’ve heard it said time and time again: history is written by the "victors". Those in power are at liberty to shape public perceptions and historical narratives. King Richard III of England's notoriously poor reputation is a prime example of the power of public memory. Richard III is infamous for the alleged murder of his young nephews in the Tower of London, and the unsolved mystery of their disappearance poses an interpretive challenge in the absence of hard evidence.

Late 16th century portrait of King Richard III
by an unknown artist, housed in the National
Portrait Gallery of London.
Source.

In 1485, only two years after his ascent to the throne, Richard III was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field, effectively ending the Wars of the Roses. Richard the Yorkist was succeeded by his Lancastrian enemy Henry Tudor (later crowned Henry VII) and was buried without ceremony. 

To legitimize their claim to the throne, the Tudors engaged in a smear campaign against Richard III, and Tudor propaganda succeeded in tarnishing his character. Richard III’s reputation for unmatched tyranny has endured throughout the centuries, thanks in no small part to William Shakespeare’s ungenerous portrayal of the last Plantagenet king in his play Richard III.

While one Richard III mystery was solved in 2013 when the bones discovered under a Leicester car park were confirmed as Richard’s, another question still lingers: what really happened to his nephews, Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury?

Though Richard III was reburied in 2015, the mystery of his nephews’ fate was not. In June 1483, when Richard was Lord Protector of the realm, his late brother King Edward IV’s marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was deemed invalid, making his two young heirs illegitimate. Twelve-year-old Edward V’s coronation never took place, and his uncle assumed the throne instead. Despite the fact that Richard’s nephews were ineligible for the throne, they disappeared in August of that year and were never seen again. Richard III is commonly believed to have murdered the boys; historical narratives by Robert Fabyan, Thomas More, and Polydore Vergil also implicate the late king. Indeed, Richard certainly had motive, as his accession to the throne was fragile and occurred during tumultuous times.

Paul Delaroche, The Death of the Sons of King Edward in the
Tower (1830). This painting is currently at the Louvre in Paris.
Source.

While remodeling the Tower of London in 1674, workers found two small skeletons in a box buried under the staircase near the White Tower’s chapel. In 1933, Westminster Abbey’s archivist, Lawrence Tanner, anatomist Professor William Wright, and the president of the Dental Association, George Northcroft, examined the bones and established that they belonged to two children around the ages of the princes. In 1789 two separate, unidentified coffins were also found in St. George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle, but the remains within have not been tested.

Evidence against Richard III is circumstantial at best, and there is no proof that the boys were indeed murdered. The Church of England has not permitted DNA testing of the skeletons to concretely identify them as the sons of Edward IV (though this test would not prove cause of death). Historian Philippa Langley, who spearheaded the Looking For Richard project that resulted in the discovery of his remains in Leicester, hopes to solve the mystery of the princes with the help of cold case investigators. In this case, however, a concrete verdict may be unattainable. As Richard was away from court when the boys disappeared, confirming his involvement is extremely difficult. There is no evidence to prove that he ordered someone (such as courtier Sir James Tyrrell) to kill his nephews, though the possibility remains.

When giving tours, Yeoman Warders draw upon their storytelling skills to share stories of the Tower
of London's history. In the case of the Princes in the Tower, an age-old mystery, the details are murky. Source.

Interpreters at the Tower of London therefore tread carefully around the story of the princes’ deaths. In discussing the Bloody Tower, where the boys were purportedly imprisoned, Historic Royal Palaces can only provide a few facts and contextual information on the rumours surrounding the incident. How, then, do the Tower staff frame the disappearance of the princes without delving into speculation? Historic Royal Palaces commissioned the animation below to illustrate the disappearance of Richard III’s nephews without making false claims. However, due to the fact that the mystery is so widely popular, the video may serve to confirm visitors’ existing assumptions. Regardless, this rendition of the story uses nuanced interpretation to provide visual stimuli using the little information available.

Interpreting mysteries with little evidence is always difficult, and so too is the search for “the truth” in divisive histories. Perhaps the most controversial king in English history, Richard III inspires passionate opinions on the part of visitors and staff alike. The Tower of London takes a measured approach in the portrayal of past monarchs, as tyranny, violence, and deceit often characterized early English politics. Thus, Richard wasn't the only king to perform morally questionable acts, but the prevalence of the "Tudor Myth" made him an infamous figure. While Richard’s character has since been re-examined by contemporary historians, the mystery of the princes’ disappearance endures.

Without tangible evidence to prove whether Richard III murdered his nephews, interpreting the legend of the Princes in the Tower remains complex and limiting. Will we ever find out what really happened? Maybe. But ultimately, visitors continue to engage with the story partially because the truth is uncertain: the search for answers is often the most compelling part of the experience.

BURYING THE 'CAR PARK KING': RICHARD III

WALK OF FAME

BY: KATHRYN METHOT

The famous king found buried under a parking lot has finally been laid to rest. On March 26th King Richard III's body was reinterred at Leicester Cathedral. The Cathedral was transformed for the occasion, decorated with white roses and emblems of the Plantagenet dynasty, from which Richard was the last king.

Richard had been killed during the War of the Roses in the Battle of Bosworth Field on August 22nd 1485. For many years there was a popular myth that the body of the King had been thrown into the River Soar. However, he had been given a burial in makeshift grave at the Grey Friars Church in Leicester. Richard's unassuming tomb was lost after the church was demolished during the Reformation.

A portrait of Richard III by an unknown 16th century painter. This image was not made during his lifetime but was likely based off of portraits that were (Source: National Portrait Gallery, London)

The search for his body began with the 'Looking for Richard' project. Several researchers had proposed the idea that Richard's skeleton was still buried at the original site of the Grey Friar Church, where the Leicester City Council parking lot was located. Amazingly, the team of archeologists uncovered a human skeleton on the first day of the excavation on August 25th 2012. The position of the body indicated that it had been put in a grave that was too small and without a burial shroud, which suggests that he had been buried in a hurry.

An overview of Richard III's skeleton displays his severe scoliosis (Source: University of Leicester)

The skeleton displayed several intriguing qualities and signs of lethal injuries. The back of the king's skull had been removed by a sharp object (possibly a halberd), while another wound had penetrated the top of his skull. There are also other holes in his skull and jaw that are likely from a dagger. If that wasn't enough, there are 'humiliation wounds' that were inflicted to the body post-mortem. Poor King Richard didn't stand a chance. The key to having scientific proof that the remains were Richard's came from his descendants. The mitochondrial DNA evidence at the site had a positive match to DNA taken from a direct descendant of the king's sister, Anne of York.

The discovery of the body also confirmed several accounts about the king's physical appearance. The curvature of the spine indicates that he suffered from adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The condition would have caused his right shoulder to be raised higher than his left shoulder, reducing his height. This feature is in keeping with some contemporary accounts and depictions of the King in visual art. However, the discoveries made do not account for some of the traits described in Shakespeare's Henry VI (Act III, Scene 2, lines 1645-1650) and taken on by actors personifying the character of Richard in theatre productions. The effects of scoliosis would not have caused him to have a hunchback and there is no indication that he would have had a withered arm.

Crowds gather to commemorate the reinterment of the King (Source: Independent)

The Richard III Visitor Centre opened at the site of the exhumation in July 2014. The Centre features three sections: dynasty, death, and discovery. Together, these sections recount Richard's life and the lasting intrigue that led to his discovery. Features of the museum include a 3D printed replica of the King's skeleton and a chance to visit the site where his body had been buried for hundreds of years. The reinterment has allowed Richard to have a permanent resting place and to receive the farewell that he was not afforded at the time of his death.

Although this occasion has ended a chapter in the story of Richard III, this rediscovery has ignited an interest that will surely lead to further investigations about his life and legacy in history and culture.