MUSINGS: history of

THROWBACK THURSDAY

BY JESSICA SVENNINGSON

Do you remember being a kid and scratching your name into a desk? Or perhaps a wall? Or maybe just the street when your mom brought out the sidewalk chalk?

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This act, which some would call defacing, is an act of graffiti – the act of scrawling your name or some picture you made onto a public surface.

Archaeologists' fascinating quest to decipher medieval graffiti scrawled on cathedral walls.

Graffiti goes back centuries more than most people realize. It can include cave paintings from Australia, where men left pigment prints outlining their hands, and refer back to the Roman empire when the phrase, “painting the town red,” referred to what Roman soldiers did after conquering a new territory.

They covering the walls of the villages with the blood of those they killed, if you didn't catch my drift. Source

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In modern times, it has less malicious roots.

Some say graffiti in North America started with Latin America tribes who immigrated to the states, and would put their language up on walls to mark territory. However, the only documented credit for where modern graffiti started, and where that credit remains, is with the a collective of teenagers in New York City in the 1970s, who became sick of feeling neglected and forgotten by their city, and decided to do something about it.

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Brooklyn and the Bronx in the 1970s were in rough shape. Fires were burning every day, drugs and dealers were everywhere, and everyone wanted a piece of Manhattan but no one could get it.Then one day, a couple of boys, ages 13 and 14, started drawing together at this bus stop bench at 149th Street Grand Course, where the 2^nd and 5^th lines crossed. They started in note books, eventually getting artists' journals, meeting there everyday to practice their new-age calligraphy style writings. It was aptly named The Writer’s Bench by the future writers who joined these boys to get their name out there.

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This humble, blocky style bench, meant for commuters, was the place for some of the most prolific graffiti artists in history.

Its still there now, the same bench from the 70s. It’s covered in tags, has a plate stating its historic significance, and although it hasn’t been used much by writers since the 1980s, graffiti artists from abroad or who were born in the 80s and 90s will still come to pay a visit to this very important historic site.

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The Writer’s Bench was where all the graffiti writers met to sign black books, settle disputes, exchange information about the latest news, and admire or critique each other’s works as it was an ideal view to watch trains 2 and 5 pass by. Lines 2 and 5 had some of the best graffiti art of the 1970s, coming as no surprise as the train yards for both these lines were in the Bronx and Brooklyn.

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It was tough competition to get a good tag on those trains. If you wanted to tag a train while it wasn’t in the yard, over looked by security, you would have to go into the tunnels. Many teenage boys would spend their summers lifting up man holes and finding hidden doors all over the city that lead down into the subway station, dodging trains and police officers the whole time. I am sure plenty got hurt, but it didn't stop everyone else from trying. Fallen soldiers aren't spoken about during a revolution.

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Hip hop and graffiti have always been intertwined, they are both movements that grew in the ghettos, generated by the youth in need for something in their life to give them purpose, and then spread out into the rest of the world. As hip hop music grew in popularity so did graffiti art and vice versa.

There’s a lot of debate between New York and Los Angeles graffiti writers as to who started the movement first. It’s a tough call because both styles and movements began within months of each other. The most popular story is that one teenage boy was watching the news one night at home, and saw a report about the graffiti happening all over the trains of New York, and thought that’s exactly what L.A. needed. However, L.A. doesn’t have any trains, so the boys turned to buses.

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Graffiti was, and still is, a way for young men who feel they have no place in the world to ‘get famous’. By throwing their (street)name out there for everyone in the world to see.
Writers would compete with each other to be the best and most famous writer in their city. The only real way to know if you were #1 is if you could walk anywhere in the city core and everywhere you looked, from every angle, you can see you name, whether it was as a tag, a throw-up, a gallery, or a mural. Only then were you truly famous.

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The boys would say that whenever they saw a train or bus go by with their giant throw-up, or mural, on the side of it, knowing it would reach as far as Wall Street with the men in their suits, it gave them a feeling that they made their mark on the world.

Graffiti started as a way to say,

“I am here, I exist, and I will be heard.”

THROWBACK THURSDAY

BY: JESSICA SVENNINGSON

Halloween is for many people their favourite holiday, especially if you are an American. However, despite Mr. Trump already winning this year’s best costume competition, competing as an impression of a presidential candidate, let’s look at the history of Halloween and some of the best (and worst) costumes throughout history.

The Halloween as we know it today is a relatively new manifestation of the once religious holiday, however the history of the day goes back centuries and is a manifestation of Pagan, Celtic, Gaelic, Roman and old Catholic traditions.

THE IRON AGE

Dating back to between 800-600 B.C.E., it was a time when French Gauls and Celtics ruled. Historically, October 31^st was referred to as the holiday of Samhain, meaning “summer’s end”, and was the end of the Celtic calendar, marking the end of summertime and the beginning of winter.

During this period when the natural world and harvest died, and winter’s sleep began, the Celtics believed the veil between the world of the living and the world of the dead was the thinnest. Some believed this was the time when spirits would drift through from the afterlife to the land of the living. To protect themselves from evil spirits, the Celts would dress themselves in all manner of feathers, rags, and earthly materials to disguise themselves, giving heritage to all those in costume today.

THE ROMAN ERA

As the Roman’s began to invade Gaul and Britain in the first century B.C.E. their own holidays of harvest, called Pomona celebrated on November 1^st, and later their celebrations of the dead, named Parentalia and Feralia and historically held in the month of February, were incorporated into the holiday. Today in the Roman Catholic church November 1^st is call to All Saints Day, All Hallows, or Hallowmas, and is a day to honor the saints of the Christian tradition.

ARRIVAL OF CHRISTIANITY

Prior to the arrival of Halloween to North America, Halloween developed within the churches of Europe right up to the 18^th century. It was a time to ward off spirits and pay homage to the dead. The Spanish would visit graveyards and graves with holy water or milk, which evolved into a time to honour the dead in Mexico with Dia de los Muertos. The English believed fire warded off evil and would burn fires in graveyards and burn many candles for protection, where as the French would direct their prayers that day specifically to the recently past.

The Victorian era gave rise to the participation of children, and around this time period the religious and folk lore roots were downplayed in place of new traditions of community organized parades and haunted houses – another indication of the Victorians fascination with death. It is believed that the Irish were the first to begin the tradition of trick-or-treating, and in the 1940s it became popular in North America to over look the normally disliked behaviour of begging in order for children of the neighbourhood to go around collecting candy. Children would go door-to-door performing mimes, a song, or some form of talent in exchange for candy, however if children did not have a talent they would threaten to perform a trick on the house instead of they did not receive candy.

COLONIALISM

With the high influx of Irish immigrants during the mid-1800s the traditions of Celtic Sanhain spread throughout North America under the new name of All Hallows Eve, and the rest of North America enthusiastically accepted Halloween, officially recognizing it as a holiday in 1911. As films and the cult of Hollywood grew in popularity and volume at the beginning of the 20^th century, terrifying monsters like the Wolf-Man, Count Dracula, ghosts, witches, and all manner of terrifying monsters gave rise to American’s dressing in scary costumes. However, it was not until the 1930s when enterprising businesses realized the market for costumes. This meant anything made prior was home made. Mother’s would make paper-mâché masks for their children, and designs for Halloween costumes were printed in woman’s magazines for several decades. It often lead to such terrifying costumes such as these.

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As time has moved on, costumes became more varied and less frightening, however the trend of dressing up as film or pop culture references has not faded in the past 100 years. This year’s projected most popular costumes are likely to be: superheroes, princesses, Pokemon, present presidential candidates, and Game of Thrones characters to name a few.

Despite the popularity of American Halloween celebrations, there are many other ways Halloween is celebrated globally.

FUNNY HALLOWEEN TRADITIONS AROUND THE WORLD:

Germans believe to protect themselves from evil spirits they hide all the knives around their home so no evil spirits can do them harm.

The French Catholic Church refused to acknowledge the holiday because of it’s Pagan roots until the mid-1990s when the act of "La Fete D'Halloween” was approved. Children do not go house-to-house but instead store-to-store collecting candy, flowers and money to decorate tombstones.

The Swedish the holiday is referred to as "Alla Helgons Dag". Children get a full week off school to prepare and celebrate for the holiday, and adults have shorter days at work.

Mexicans light candles, parties, and picnics on the graves of their loved ones to make sure they

continue to be included in the family. They will dance in a circle holding hands, always leaving a spot free for those who have passed to be able to join in.

Belgium is the origin of the superstition that is unlucky to have a black cat cross your path, enter a home or travel by ship. Therefore, they must all stay inside all day, and light candles to honor the dead.

England is the source of the famous Jack-o-Lantern. There’s a myth of a man named Jack who was so evil he was rejected by heaven and hell and doomed to roam the earth for all eternity with nothing but a carved turnip for a head. Most North Americans know this story as the Disney version of Ichabold and Mr. Toad. Historically English children would carve out turnip heads as their candy buckets and would go trick-or-treating with it.