ROOTS: SEED SAVING, COMMUNITY, AND HERITAGE

A MUSE BOUCHE

BY: JENNIFER LEE

Flowers and fruit are only the beginning.
In the seed lies the life and the future.
- Marion Zimmer Bradley

Even the earliest of heritage professionals recognized the importance of collecting plant material. Hans Sloane’s collection, which became the foundational collection of the British Museum, included plant cuttings from his travels - now held in the Natural History Museum, London. Non-museum collections also collect and store plants: seed banks like the Millennium Seed Bank and Svalbard Global Seed Trust act as repositories for millions of seeds, protecting Earth’s biodiversity in the face of species loss and climate change. In a bleak post-apocalyptic future, we may need to call upon seed banks to repopulate plant species lost to climate change and disease. 

The Svalbard Global Seed Trust in Spitsbergen, Norway, has a storage capacity of 4.5 million samples. Source.

If this sounds somewhat anxiety-producing, fear not; seed saving isn’t just for doomsday preppers and biologists. Seeds are more than containers for plant DNA: they represent rich cultural and personal histories, and the possibility of stewardship, partnership, and reconciliation.

Global capitalism, in the form of huge farms breeding fruit and vegetables designed to travel long distances and last on the shelf, has eliminated thousands of plant varieties over the last century. We’ve moved away from seasonal consumption and diverse native varieties and toward imported foods and privately-patented seed varieties. In 1903, there were more than 500 varieties of cabbage in North America; eighty years later, there were 28. These varieties are often patented by large corporations, depend on pesticides, and are susceptible to disease and pest damage. It’s not unusual to hear news reports that imported foods Western consumers take for granted, like coffee, bananas, chocolate, and peanuts, may be extinct within decades due to climate change.

This flattening of our once-diverse food and plant cultures has a cultural toll as well as an ecological one. We stand to lose our understanding of where and how our food is grown, and our agency over our own health and consumption. Indigenous peoples, disconnected from their traditional territories, agriculture practices, and foodways by colonial reservation and residential school systems, are particularly vulnerable to the loss of their cultural knowledge and health.

Heirloom vegetables like this Glass Gem corn (available from Native Seeds/SEARCH) have been endangered by large-scale operations and imported varieties. Source. 

This is where seed saving comes in.

Individual seed savers and seed saving organizations are working to preserve, grow, and distribute native plant varieties. This can be itself a form of intangible cultural heritage. In some Indigenous nations, seed keepers traditionally safeguarded seeds, shared them with others, and passed heirloom varietals down to family members. For seed keepers, growing and keeping seeds strengthens connections to their cultures and ancestors. (Indigenous seed saving initiatives include plants for medicinal and ritual purposes as well as food.) Terrylynn Brant, a Haudenosaunee seed keeper, told the CBC, "There's so many foods that we have and enjoy that make us strong emotionally, physically, mentally, spiritually, that we couldn't continue to exist as Haudenosaunee people if we didn't continue to eat the foods of our ancestors."

It can also be a way to Indigenize health education. Dream of Wild Health, a non-profit seed saving organization in Minnesota, aims to recover “knowledge of and access to healthy Indigenous foods, medicine, and lifeways”, working through a community garden, public demonstrations and classes, and an Indigenous foodshare. A cornerstone program hosts a summer camp for Native American youth which incorporates organic farming, health, and traditional knowledge.

Youth gardening at the Dream of Wild Health farm. Source. 

It can also be a way to bridge divides, start conversations, and form working relationships. The CMU farm at Canadian Mennonite University (Winnipeg, MB) occupies a former Métis river lot. In 2015, CMU farm workers collaborated with Métis seed keeper Caroline Chartrand and the local Métis community in order to grow squash seeds cultivated by gardeners from the Miami nation in Indiana. Collaborative projects like this one open up space for settler-Indigenous dialogue over the land on which food is grown and create partnerships while saving vegetable varietals and Indigenous history.

Other communities are also making use of seed saving to preserve their heritage alongside their vegetables. The seed saver John Coykendall, who collects heirloom seeds in Appalachia, keeps details journals of his collecting expeditions, which he calls ‘memory banking’. Like a collections database, his notes record valuable contextual and historical information.

John Coykendall with a 'memory bank', a notebook used to record cultural memories and contextual information in his search for heirloom seeds. Source. 

“A little bit of ancestral history … Where were you living? Where did this seed come from? Did it come from your grandmother or grandfather? Was it brought here from somewhere else? How do you grow it? How was it cooked? ... If someone doesn’t record it, put it down, it is going to be lost for all time. That goes for the seeds. This is the living part of it. Living heritage. Our agricultural heritage.”

While global seed banks work to preserve our biodiversity and health at a macro scale, community and individual projects can work at the micro level, protecting cultural heritage and public health on a personal level. Many libraries (including our own at the iSchool!) house seed libraries – but given their potential to start conversations around culture, food security, health, and heritage, they might not be out of place at a museum either.

SEED BANKS AND SEED LIBRARIES: SEWING SEEDS FOR THE FUTURE

COLLECTIONS CORNER

BY: NATANIA SHERMAN

Last semester, Jennifer Maxwell wrote a Collections column asking readers to weigh in on an object that they would choose to preserve in case of an apocalyptic event. Members of the Musings community gave varied and creative answers of objects that they felt could be used to rebuild civilizations, but no one thought to bring something that could sustain said civilization: seeds. I may be channeling Keeper of the Seeds from Mad Max II: Fury Road but if I had to come up with one thing I would save in case of an apocalyptic event, I might think about the future biodiversity of the planet. (I might also think a little bit about my very lonely herb garden.)

The Keeper of the Seeds in Mad Max II:Fury Road (Source)

 

It seems I’m not the only one because there are institutions that collect seeds and plant species to preserve them in the event of a future environmental or biodiversity disaster. These institutions, known as seed banks, collect and preserve the seeds of countless species, from common to heirloom varieties. KEW the Royal Botanical Gardens in the UK is home to a herbarium, fungarium and the Millennium Seed Bank. The Millennium Seedbank has a mandate to preserve the world's most threatened species and the world’s most useful. Their goal is to have preserved 25% of the world’s plant species by 2020. If that number seems small, keep in mind that as of August 2015, the Millennium Seed Bank has around36,333 plant species and 2, 115, 847,290 seed samples in their collection. The Millennium Seed Bank decides what to collect by placing an emphasis on preserving biodiversity, but also on collecting plants that are deemed useful for medicines, important food sources, high risk species and native species that are threatened by invasive species.

A real-life Keeper of the Seeds inside the Millennium Seed Bank vault (Source)

Seed libraries, like seed banks are also a way to maintain local species and promote agriculture. University of Toronto’s Inforum has a seed library where you can borrow seeds to plant for the summer and then when the time comes, harvest the seeds which are then returned to the library.

Seed banks and seed libraries already fill an important role in preserving biodiversity. Under the correct conditions, seeds can actually be stored for thousands of years. Researchers have actually grown viable plants from thousand year old seeds. Seed banks can also help researchers understand plant evolution by allowing them to study how plant species adapt to environmental factors over time, by preserving older incarnations of certain plants. Seed banks are also crucial to ensuring future plant biodiversity. This is especially important since so many of the crops that humans rely on, such as wheat and corn, are monocultures that could be very vulnerable to disease and infestation, and have a high environmental impact to produce.

The Millennium Seed Bank in Wakehurst (Source)

As a result of the scale that seed banks like KEW collect specimens, many larger seed banks are organizations that build partnerships globally in order to expand their collections and research networks. KEW even publishes a yearly State of The World's Plants report to publicize their research. These institutions truly carry out a crucial function for the betterment of the future and I certainly hope that if a biodiversity crisis occurs I’ll be living near a seed bank.